引言:
嵌合抗原受體T細(xì)胞療法(CAR-T)是近年來發(fā)展非常迅速的一種新型細(xì)胞免疫治療技術(shù),CAR-T免疫療法是通過給T細(xì)胞裝備能識別特定腫瘤細(xì)胞的分子,在識別腫瘤細(xì)胞后能引起T細(xì)胞的激活和增殖,從而可以有效殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。2017年,FDA批準(zhǔn)兩個(gè)CAR-T產(chǎn)品上市,一個(gè)是諾華的Kymriah(Tisagenlecleucel,CTL019),被批準(zhǔn)其用于治療3~25歲的兒童和年輕成人急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(ALL),開啟了惡性血液腫瘤免疫治療的新篇章。另一個(gè)獲批的是Kite Pharma 的Yescarta (Axicabtagene Ciloleucel,KTE-C19),用于治療成人復(fù)發(fā)或難治性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,這是第一個(gè)用于治療非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CAR-T產(chǎn)品。由于Kymriah 和Yescarta 的受試者中有部分出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的細(xì)胞因子釋放綜合征(CRS)及神經(jīng)毒性,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可危及生命。因此,正確有效地對CRS進(jìn)行管理和干預(yù),降低CAR-T治療過程中不良事件發(fā)生率是臨床上亟須解決的問題。本文將就CAR-T發(fā)展、CAR-T在實(shí)體瘤中的應(yīng)用、CAR-T面臨的挑戰(zhàn)以及未來發(fā)展方向做一闡述。
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1.CAR-T細(xì)胞療法的原理及發(fā)展 T細(xì)胞的活化主要通過雙信號通路完成。第一信號是抗原特異性信號,由T細(xì)胞表面受體(TCR)與抗原肽-主要組織相容性復(fù)合物(MHC)的特異性結(jié)合構(gòu)成;第二信號是抗原非特異性信號,它由T細(xì)胞與抗原遞呈細(xì)胞(APC)表面的共刺激分子(CM)相互作用來介導(dǎo)。這兩種信號的共同參與了T細(xì)胞的活化,誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生級聯(lián)反應(yīng),最終使T細(xì)胞可以活化為細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞(CTL)。當(dāng)CTL與患者體內(nèi)含有相同抗原肽-MHC分子復(fù)合物的腫瘤細(xì)胞相遇后,二者特異性結(jié)合,刺激CTL產(chǎn)生釋放裂解腫瘤細(xì)胞的穿孔素、顆粒酶,直接殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞;或者釋放細(xì)胞因子,改變腫瘤細(xì)胞生存環(huán)境,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長,也可通過CTL表面表達(dá)的FasL與腫瘤細(xì)胞表面的Fas結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[1]。然而,腫瘤患者體內(nèi)的T細(xì)胞在腫瘤微環(huán)境的影響下,T細(xì)胞活化受阻,或者T細(xì)胞不能識別腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗原肽,這就導(dǎo)致了T細(xì)胞殺傷作用不足以清除腫瘤細(xì)胞,因此通過在體外改造T細(xì)胞,使其成為能識別并殺傷腫瘤的細(xì)胞,這一想法即是CAR-T的來源。
圖1:T細(xì)胞活化雙信號 CAR-T細(xì)胞療法治療的原理是通過基因工程技術(shù)將識別腫瘤相關(guān)抗原(Tumor associated antigen,TAA) 的抗體可變區(qū)基因序列與胞內(nèi)信號區(qū)序列在體外進(jìn)行重組(形成CAR),再通過病毒轉(zhuǎn)染方式將編碼CAR基因的重組質(zhì)粒在體外轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)已分離出的患者T淋巴細(xì)胞中,使T細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)能識別腫瘤抗原的受體蛋白,經(jīng)體外大規(guī)模培養(yǎng)擴(kuò)增后表達(dá)特異性嵌合抗原受體的T細(xì)胞稱為CAR-T細(xì)胞[2]。由于治療使用的T細(xì)胞來源于患者的外周血細(xì)胞,整個(gè)治療過程沒有免疫排斥反應(yīng)。當(dāng)大量CAR-T細(xì)胞回輸?shù)交颊唧w內(nèi)后,CAR能特異性地識別靶向腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗原,活化后的T細(xì)胞可以殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,從而達(dá)到治療腫瘤的目的。 根據(jù)CAR的胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域,對CAR的設(shè)計(jì)研究已經(jīng)進(jìn)行到了第五代[3]。初代CAR設(shè)計(jì)相對簡單,由單鏈抗體通過跨膜區(qū)域與細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號傳導(dǎo)區(qū)免疫受體酪氨酸激活基序(ITAM,Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif)相連,ITAM通 常為CD3ζ或FcεRIγ,第一代CAR設(shè)計(jì)的信號域是單一的信號分子,而腫瘤細(xì)胞表面共刺激分子表達(dá)減弱或者缺失,因此CAR修飾的T細(xì)胞缺乏共刺激-第二信號的支持,T細(xì)胞激活后很快由于信號限制而喪失作用,這使得第一代CAR-T細(xì)胞在患者體內(nèi)抗腫瘤效果有限[4]。作為改進(jìn),二代CAR在前一代的基礎(chǔ)上引入了一個(gè)共刺激分子(如CD28,4-1BB,OX40等),用來激活第二信號,提供雙重活化信號從而加強(qiáng)CAR-T細(xì)胞對腫瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷毒性,這明顯的改善了第一代CAR對T細(xì)胞激活不充分的缺點(diǎn)[5, 6];三代CAR則在二代的基礎(chǔ)上引入多個(gè)共刺激分子(如CD28、CD137、OX40等),多種共刺激分子相互組合可以增強(qiáng)T細(xì)胞內(nèi)的JNK、NK-kB等信號通路,使得T細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)更持久的作用活性,這對增加T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤活性、延長T細(xì)胞的增殖能力、生存周期及促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子(如IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α等)的分泌等方面均有顯著的提升。但臨床上第三代CAR研究較少,且三代CAR會造成T細(xì)胞刺激閾值降低,可能引起活化信號的泄露,從而誘發(fā)細(xì)胞因子釋放過量,因此具體作用是否比二代CAR效果好還需要進(jìn)一步研究[7]。四代CAR屬于新型研究,相比三代CAR其整合了一個(gè)活化T細(xì)胞核因子轉(zhuǎn)錄相應(yīng)元件,它可以使CAR-T細(xì)胞在腫瘤區(qū)域分泌特定的細(xì)胞因子(例如IL-12),從而可以提高了T細(xì)胞在腫瘤微環(huán)境中的存活率,招募并活化其它免疫細(xì)胞進(jìn)入腫瘤微環(huán)境中進(jìn)行免疫應(yīng)答[8]。五代CAR-T就是通用型CAR-T,它以基因編輯技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),設(shè)計(jì)可以阻止人體發(fā)生排異反應(yīng)的基因,并且可以進(jìn)行異體T細(xì)胞的提前制備,隨時(shí)提供給患者。但就臨床應(yīng)用來看,第二代CAR-T細(xì)胞療法仍為主流。圖2為CAR發(fā)展歷程圖。 圖2:CAR的發(fā)展歷程
2.CAR-T在實(shí)體瘤中的應(yīng)用 3.CAR-T 細(xì)胞療法面臨的挑戰(zhàn) ● 細(xì)胞因子釋放綜合征(CRS) ● 脫靶效應(yīng) ● 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)毒性 ● 插入突變 圖3:CAR-T生產(chǎn)過程
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