圖 1. 南非醉茄 (Withania Somnifera) 的多種藥理活性[2]
到目前為止,大約有超過 12 種生物堿和 40 多種甾體內(nèi)脂類化合物從南非醉茄中被分離出來 。其中,醉茄內(nèi)脂 (Withanolides) 因其廣泛的藥理活性 (抗腫瘤、抗菌、抗炎和免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性等) 受到關(guān)注。
醉茄內(nèi)脂為天然的具有 28 個碳原子的甾體類化合物,具有麥角甾烷的骨架結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù) C-17 側(cè)鏈的不同,可將 Withanolides 分為 2 種類型 (Type A 和 Type B) (圖 2),大部分 Withanolides 屬于 Type A 結(jié)構(gòu)類型。有研究表明,Withanolides 的結(jié)構(gòu)和活性之間存在一定的構(gòu)效關(guān)系,如 A 環(huán)的 α,β-不飽和酮結(jié)構(gòu) (左) 和 B 環(huán)的 5β,6β-環(huán)氧基團(tuán) (右) 為其發(fā)揮抗腫瘤活性的必需基團(tuán)。
圖 2. 醉茄內(nèi)脂 (Withanolides) 不同活性的必需結(jié)構(gòu)基團(tuán)[4]
圖 3. Withaferin A 對 MPTP 誘導(dǎo)PD小鼠模型的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[9]
研究表明,南非醉茄的根、莖、葉提取物都有一定的抗癌作用,其化學(xué)成分 Withaferin A,Withanolide D,Withalongolide A 及其類似物也被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有抗癌活性。
其中 Withaferin A 的抗癌作用得到廣泛研究,其作用機(jī)制也是十分復(fù)雜的 (圖 4),作用靶點(diǎn)眾多可能也是 Withaferin A 用于癌癥治療的一個潛在優(yōu)勢,畢竟單靶點(diǎn)藥物容易導(dǎo)致逃逸途徑或引發(fā)治療耐藥性和疾病復(fù)發(fā),而 Withaferin A 同時靶向多個通路和靶點(diǎn)可能通過預(yù)防或克服耐藥性來改善患者的治療結(jié)果。
圖 4. Withaferin A在各種癌癥及其相關(guān)蛋白調(diào)控/失調(diào)的信號網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的作用[10]
除了上述的神經(jīng)保護(hù)和抗癌等活性,Yangliu Xia 等發(fā)現(xiàn) Withaferin-A 通過靶向巨噬細(xì)胞和 NLRP3 能夠減輕爆發(fā)性肝炎。
綜上所述,南非醉茄的提取物以及其化學(xué)成分具有廣泛的藥理活性,醉茄內(nèi)脂類 (withanolides) 化合物為其主要活性成分,尤其以其中 Withaferin-A 的活性研究最多也最突出,其神經(jīng)保護(hù)活性以及抗癌活性具有一定的研究和應(yīng)用前景。
當(dāng)然,其作用的信號通路和靶點(diǎn)的多樣性也使得其機(jī)制研究變得更加復(fù)雜,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果也不能代表臨床療效,南非醉茄的提取物以及其化學(xué)成分的研究應(yīng)用還需要經(jīng)過很長時間的研究。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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