經(jīng)典的ob/ob小鼠與db/db小鼠
瘦素(Leptin, LEP)由白色脂肪組織細胞產(chǎn)生,通過與瘦素受體(Leptin receptor, LEPR)結(jié)合并激活該受體向下游傳遞信號,在脂肪組織和下丘腦之間的負反饋機制和體重的調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。在人類和小鼠中,LEP和LEPR突變都會導(dǎo)致肥胖的發(fā)生。
ob/ob小鼠(Obesity mouse)攜帶自發(fā)純合Lep基因突變,導(dǎo)致其過量進食,造成非常嚴重的肥胖表型[3]。而db/db小鼠(Diabetes mouse)則攜帶純合的Lepr突變,小鼠在一個月時開始貪食并發(fā)胖,同時胰高血糖素也升高,繼而導(dǎo)致Ⅱ型糖尿病的發(fā)生[4]。
賽業(yè)生物通過對Lep和Lepr基因進行敲除或引入突變,分別構(gòu)建了ob/ob小鼠(產(chǎn)品編號:C001368)和db/db小鼠(產(chǎn)品編號:C001291)并進行了驗證。結(jié)果顯示,這些小鼠與經(jīng)典的模型表型相同,均存在嚴重的肥胖以及高血糖表型,可以用于肥胖癥和Ⅱ型糖尿病的研究。
Mc4r-KO小鼠
AGRP饑餓神經(jīng)元和αMSH通過黑皮質(zhì)素受體(MCR)影響能量平衡,黑皮質(zhì)素受體亞型4(MCR4)是其參與控制食物攝入量調(diào)控的主要受體,在飽腹感和能量穩(wěn)態(tài)中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用,其突變也是人類肥胖癥常見的遺傳原因之一。通過定向敲除使Mc4r失活,可以使小鼠產(chǎn)生食欲亢進和病態(tài)肥胖,并出現(xiàn)高胰島素血癥、高血糖和高瘦素血癥等血糖表型。與許多其他肥胖模型不同的是,Mc4r-KO小鼠的循環(huán)皮質(zhì)酮水平并不升高,其對瘦素、AgRP或αMSH均無反應(yīng)[6]。
Mc3r-KO小鼠
黑皮質(zhì)素受體亞型3(MC3R)同樣是一種參與調(diào)節(jié)能量平衡的蛋白質(zhì),MC3R與MC4R一起作為瘦素-黑色素皮質(zhì)素信號級聯(lián)中黑色素皮質(zhì)素肽的關(guān)鍵受體。在某些群體中,MC3R的變異與肥胖有關(guān),一些罕見的變異可能對個體體重增加易感性有更大的影響。Mc3r-KO小鼠表現(xiàn)出瘦肉量減少、脂肪量增加、DIO加速,以及對白天限制進食的行為和代謝適應(yīng)性減弱的輕度肥胖癥和新陳代謝綜合征表型,同時也存在高瘦素血癥、相對輕微的高胰島素血癥和運動行為相對減少的癥狀[7-9]。
Mc3r/Mc4r-DKO小鼠
MC3R和MC4R是存在一定協(xié)同作用的神經(jīng)黑皮質(zhì)素受體,可以調(diào)節(jié)能量平衡。因此,Mc3r/Mc4r雙基因敲除的小鼠(Mc3r/Mc4r-DKO)的肥胖程度明顯高于Mc3r-KO小鼠和Mc4r-KO小鼠[10]。在大鼠中也可以觀測到類似的現(xiàn)象,Mc3r/Mc4r雙重敲除表現(xiàn)出比Mc3r或Mc4r單基因敲除更嚴重的葡萄糖不耐受和高血糖[11]。
Mc3r/Mc4r雙重敲除導(dǎo)致比Mc3r或Mc4r單基因敲除更嚴重的肥胖表型[11]
賽業(yè)生物代謝及心血管疾病模型
參考文獻:
[1]Jiang, Junkun., Zhou, Donglei., Zhou, Donglei., Zhang, Anke., and Yu, Wenjing.. "Thermogenic adipocyte-derived zinc promotes sympathetic innervation in male mice." Nature metabolism.
[2]Liu J, Yang X, Yu S, Zheng R. The Leptin Signaling. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1090:123-144.
[3]Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):425-32.
[4]Coleman DL. Obese and diabetes: two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice. Diabetologia. 1978 Mar;14(3):141-8.
[5]Yaswen L, Diehl N, Brennan MB, Hochgeschwender U. Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin. Nat Med. 1999 Sep;5(9):1066-70.
[6]Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, Gu W, Kesterson RA, Boston BA, Cone RD, Smith FJ, Campfield LA, Burn P, Lee F. Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell. 1997 Jan 10;88(1):131-41.
[7]Butler AA, Kesterson RA, Khong K, Cullen MJ, Pelleymounter MA, Dekoning J, Baetscher M, Cone RD. A unique metabolic syndrome causes obesity in the melanocortin-3 receptor-deficient mouse. Endocrinology. 2000 Sep;141(9):3518-21.
[8]Sutton GM, Begriche K, Kumar KG, Gimble JM, Perez-Tilve D, Nogueiras R, McMillan RP, Hulver MW, Tschöp MH, Butler AA. Central nervous system melanocortin-3 receptors are required for synchronizing metabolism during entrainment to restricted feeding during the light cycle. FASEB J. 2010 Mar;24(3):862-72.
[9] Feng Y, Cao L, Metzger JM, Strack AM, Camacho RE, Mellin TN, Nunes CN, Min W, Fisher J, Gopal-Truter S, MacIntyre DE, Chen HY, Van der Ploeg LH. Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nat Genet. 2000 Sep;26(1):97-102.
[10] Chen AS, Marsh DJ, Trumbauer ME, Frazier EG, Guan XM, Yu H, Rosenblum CI, Vongs A, Feng Y, Cao L, Metzger JM, Strack AM, Camacho RE, Mellin TN, Nunes CN, Min W, Fisher J, Gopal-Truter S, MacIntyre DE, Chen HY, Van der Ploeg LH. Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nat Genet. 2000 Sep;26(1):97-102.
[11]You P, Hu H, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Wang T, Xing R, Shao Y, Zhang W, Li D, Chen H, Liu M. Effects of Melanocortin 3 and 4 Receptor Deficiency on Energy Homeostasis in Rats. Sci Rep. 2016 Oct 7;6:34938.