在印度，原料花生是由采集商從小農(nóng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)以整莢的形式獲得的，價(jià)格基于花生莢和果仁基本特性進(jìn)行人工估計(jì)。這些原產(chǎn)品評(píng)估方法速度較慢，可能導(dǎo)致采購違規(guī)。采購延誤加上缺乏儲(chǔ)存設(shè)施，導(dǎo)致真菌污染，對(duì)許多地區(qū)的食品安全構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。為了彌補(bǔ)這一差距，我們研究了X射線技術(shù)是否可以用于快速評(píng)估花生的關(guān)鍵品質(zhì)，這些品質(zhì)對(duì)價(jià)格評(píng)估很重要。

我們使用計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描（CT）系統(tǒng)生成了1752個(gè)花生莢2D X射線投影。在這些預(yù)測(cè)中，我們預(yù)測(cè)了核重和殼重，這是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的重要指標(biāo)。測(cè)試了兩種特征預(yù)測(cè)方法：（i）X射線圖像變換（XRT）和（ii）經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練的卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（CNN）。這些方法的預(yù)測(cè)能力通過對(duì)不同花生莢果品種1的粒重和殼重的重量測(cè)量進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。兩種方法都用R2預(yù)測(cè)了核質(zhì)量 > 0.93（XRT：R2 = 0.93和平均誤差估計(jì)（MAE） = 0.17，CNN：R2 = 0.95和MAE = 0.14)， 而CNN（R2）更準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)了外殼重量 = 0.91，MAE = 0.09）與XRT（R2）相比 = 0.78; MAE公司 = 0.08).



我們的研究表明，基于X射線的系統(tǒng)是估算花生生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)的相關(guān)技術(shù)選擇（圖1）。所獲得的結(jié)果證明需要進(jìn)一步研究，以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)有的X射線系統(tǒng)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速、準(zhǔn)確和客觀的花生采購過程。快速準(zhǔn)確地估計(jì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)值是避免真菌污染造成的收獲后損失的必要先決條件，同時(shí)允許向農(nóng)民公平付款。此外，同樣的技術(shù)還可以幫助作物改良計(jì)劃，通過完全跳過豆莢脫殼過程，以高通量的方式選擇和開發(fā)具有更高經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的花生品種。
 

本研究證明了該方法的技術(shù)可行性，是實(shí)現(xiàn)未來花生生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)技術(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)型的第一步。
 

臺(tái)式CT斷層掃描儀用于植物根系、莖干、果實(shí)、種子、葉片等分析，為研究提供數(shù)據(jù)和進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

臺(tái)式CT斷層掃描儀不僅運(yùn)用于生物學(xué)，如植物根系、莖干、果實(shí)、種子、葉片等分析，也適用于地質(zhì)學(xué)和考古學(xué)的大學(xué)或研究機(jī)構(gòu)，也可用于對(duì)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)如團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)等進(jìn)行無損檢測(cè)，分析土壤和根系關(guān)系以及結(jié)構(gòu)等。
 

臺(tái)式CT斷層掃描儀提供一種快速可視的物體內(nèi)外結(jié)構(gòu)三維模式，在生物學(xué)、工業(yè)無損檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域里變得越來越重要。
 

種子分析：玉米、小麥等

植物生長分析：葉片結(jié)構(gòu)、根系結(jié)構(gòu)等

土壤：土壤結(jié)構(gòu)等

地理學(xué)和考古學(xué)：巖石樣品等 
 

X-ray driven peanut trait estimation: computer vision aided agri-system transformation 

Martha Domhoefer, Debarati Chakraborty, Eva Hufnagel, Joelle Claußen, Norbert Wörlein, Marijn Voorhaar, Krithika Anbazhagan, Sunita Choudhary, Janila Pasupuleti, Rekha Baddam, Jana Kholova & Stefan Gerth 
 

Abstract

Background

In India, raw peanuts are obtained by aggregators from smallholder farms in the form of whole pods and the price is based on a manual estimation of basic peanut pod and kernel characteristics. These methods of raw produce evaluation are slow and can result in procurement irregularities. The procurement delays combined with the lack of storage facilities lead to fungal contaminations and pose a serious threat to food safety in many regions. To address this gap, we investigated whether X-ray technology could be used for the rapid assessment of the key peanut qualities that are important for price estimation.

Results

We generated 1752 individual peanut pod 2D X-ray projections using a computed tomography (CT) system . Out of these projections we predicted the kernel weight and shell weight, which are important indicators of the produce price. Two methods for the feature prediction were tested: (i) X-ray image transformation (XRT) and (ii) a trained convolutional neural network (CNN). The prediction power of these methods was tested against the gravimetric measurements of kernel weight and shell weight in diverse peanut pod varieties1. Both methods predicted the kernel mass with R2 > 0.93 (XRT: R2 = 0.93 and mean error estimate (MAE) = 0.17, CNN: R2 = 0.95 and MAE = 0.14). While the shell weight was predicted more accurately by CNN (R2 = 0.91, MAE = 0.09) compared to XRT (R2 = 0.78; MAE = 0.08).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that the X-ray based system is a relevant technology option for the estimation of key peanut produce indicators (Figure 1). The obtained results justify further research to adapt the existing X-ray system for the rapid, accurate and objective peanut procurement process. Fast and accurate estimates of produce value are a necessary pre-requisite to avoid post-harvest losses due to fungal contamination and, at the same time, allow the fair payment to farmers. Additionally, the same technology could also assist crop improvement programs in selecting and developing peanut cultivars with enhanced economic value in a high-throughput manner by skipping the shelling of the pods completely.
 

This study demonstrated the technical feasibility of the  approach and is a first step to realize a technology-driven peanut production system transformation of the future.