dSTORM超分辨技術(shù)在揭秘單個(gè)EV真面目的應(yīng)用

瀏覽次數(shù)：568　發(fā)布日期：2023-11-2　來(lái)源：本站　僅供參考，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載，否則責(zé)任自負(fù)

細(xì)胞外囊泡（EVs）是從細(xì)胞中釋放出來(lái)的納米級(jí)囊泡，具有強(qiáng)大的自分泌和旁分泌生物學(xué)活性。EV已被認(rèn)為構(gòu)成了一種細(xì)胞間通信的基本模式，可在各種情況下介導(dǎo)特定蛋白質(zhì)、核酸和脂質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到受體細(xì)胞中。因此，EV參與多種疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)理，包括感染、神經(jīng)退行性疾病、心血管疾病和癌癥等。

外泌體是一種直徑約為30-200nm的EV，由于大小低于光學(xué)顯微鏡的衍射極限，直接可視化一直令人望而生畏，因此生理?xiàng)l件下的單顆粒研究也受到阻礙。在本研究中，我們使用英國(guó)Oxford Nanoimaging公司研發(fā)的隨機(jī)光學(xué)重建顯微鏡(dSTORM )—Nanoimager對(duì)數(shù)百個(gè)EV進(jìn)行了3D可視化，根據(jù)蛋白標(biāo)記物定量了亞群，并在單個(gè)EV顆粒表面定位了四次跨膜蛋白，為EV的異質(zhì)性、結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)雜性提供了新的見解。

數(shù)據(jù)展示

1. 表達(dá)CD81-mCherry和CD63-GFP的細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生具有熒光和內(nèi)吞能力的EV

圖1.克隆性CD81-mCherry細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生

(A–D) U-2 OS cells were transfected with the indicated plasmid and selected via FACS and cell populations were analysed for clonal expansion via flow cytometry. (E–H) Fluorescence microscopy of cells sorted in A-D (scale bar = 20 μm). (I) EV pellet from U-2 OS WT cells. (J) EV pellet from U-2 OS CD81-mCherry cells. (K) Western blots of cell and EV pellets of U-2 OS WT and CD81-mCherry cells. (L) Transmission EM view of negatively stained affinity-purified CD81+ EVs. (M) Zoomed-in view of a cluster of CD81+ EVs imaged by transmission EM.

四次跨膜蛋白（如CD9、CD63和CD81）是外泌體和其他小EV的常用標(biāo)記物，可能與ILV貨物選擇或生物發(fā)生有關(guān)。在此我們創(chuàng)建了表達(dá)綠色熒光蛋白（GFP）標(biāo)記的CD63或mCherry標(biāo)記的CD81或兩者的克隆U-2 OS細(xì)胞系。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)驗(yàn)證表達(dá)穩(wěn)定（圖1A-D），99%以上的細(xì)胞表達(dá)報(bào)告蛋白。與正常加工和運(yùn)輸一致，蛋白質(zhì)沿著細(xì)胞膜和囊泡區(qū)室富集（圖1E–H）。透射電鏡顯示出EV預(yù)期的球形形態(tài)和尺寸（圖1L-M）。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測(cè)量（未顯示）和共培養(yǎng)測(cè)定法（未顯示）兩種方法測(cè)定，CD81-mCherry EVs具有攝取能力。

2. CD63和CD81在細(xì)胞同一囊泡內(nèi)共定位

圖2.DC81和CD63細(xì)胞內(nèi)共定位區(qū)域

(A-C) CD63-GFP and CD81-mCherry U-2 OS expressing cells were visualized by dSTORM. (D–F) Zoomed-in view of yellow box in C. (G–I) CD81-mCherry does not co-occupy regions with β-actin, as visualized by dSTORM. (J–L) Zoomed-in view of yellow box in I. Scale bars are shown with corresponding values on the right for each row of panels

dSTORM系統(tǒng)能夠在橫向（XY）軸上實(shí)現(xiàn)±16 nm的分辨率，在軸向（Z）軸上達(dá)到±42 nm的分辨率。因此能夠區(qū)分單個(gè)EV和總EV。在此觀察到：10μm范圍內(nèi)，CD63和CD81共定位在細(xì)胞內(nèi)（圖2A-C）。在0.5μm范圍內(nèi)，與CD63相比，CD81沿質(zhì)膜富集，CD63更常見于點(diǎn)狀細(xì)胞質(zhì)區(qū)域。CD81-mCherry的大球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域也很明顯，并且同時(shí)包含CD63和CD81（圖2D–F，黃色）。作為陰性對(duì)照，我們使用β-actin，未觀察到CD81-mCherry與β-actin的共定位（圖2G–L）。

3. 對(duì)溶液中單個(gè)EV進(jìn)行dSTORM成像

圖3.溶液中單個(gè)EV的超分辨率（dSTORM）成像

(A) CD81+ EVs were affinity purified and labelled with the photoswitchable dye CM Red. Max projection image (i.e., pre-dSTORM filtration) is shown. (B) dSTORM filtration of the image in A. (C) Zoomed-in image of a single EV. (D) Frame-index capture of CD81+ EVs in C showing photoswitching throughout the capture. (E) Size distribution analysis of CD81+ EVs viewed through dSTORM using CM Green or CM Red (n = 50 technical replicates, n = 3 biological replicates). (F) Box-Whisker plot of CD81+ EV sizes stained with CM Green or CM Red as measured by dSTORM as compared to NTA

圖4.單個(gè)CD81+EV的雙色染色和定位于膜的CD81的可視化

(A) CD81+ EVs were dual stained with CM Green and CM Red and imaged using dSTORM. (B) Scheme of the experimental setup showing the overlap of membrane dyes. (C) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of a small EV shown in B. (D) Photoswitching event distribution of the EV stained with CM Green and CM Red from the modal centre of the EV in the CM Red channel. The distance of modal centres between the channels is shown. (E) CD81-mCherry EVs were stained with CM Green and imaged using dSTORM. (F) Scheme of the experimental setup showing the offset of the membrane dye with the tetraspanin. (G) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of EV in E. (H) Photoswitching event distribution of the EV in F from the modal centre of the CM Green channel. (I) CD81+ EVs from WT cells were stained with CM Red and the endogenous CD81 was stained indirectly using Alex-fluor antibody conjugates. (J) Scheme of the experimental setup showing the offset of the membrane dye with the antibody spacer directed against the tetraspanin. (K) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of EV in I. (L) Photoswitching event distribution of the EV in I from the modal centre between signals

使用dSTORM對(duì)溶液中150個(gè)EV成像，生成每種染料的尺寸分布概況（圖3A-D），表明EV 尺寸既不是激發(fā)/發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)，也不是染料特異性的，這與NTA分析相當(dāng)(圖3E-F )。因此，dSTORM 構(gòu)成了一種在生理?xiàng)l件下確定EV大小的新方法。接下來(lái)，EV同時(shí)用CM Red和CM Green染色(圖4A- D)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)確定了兩種顏色的EV單粒子分析的分辨率極限: 如果兩個(gè)分子的模態(tài)峰彼此直徑在d≤10 nm范圍內(nèi)，則認(rèn)為它們?cè)谕籈V上共定位(圖4A- D)。CD81-mCherry和CM Green在單個(gè)EV上沒有共定位(圖4E- H)。CD81分子在EV表面的分布并不均勻，像斑塊一樣集中在 EV 的一個(gè)位置，如圖4F所示。

4. 單個(gè)EV的3D成像

圖5.單個(gè)CD81+EV的3D dSTORM

(A) A single CD81+ EV fromWT cells stained with CM Red was visualized by dSTORM with Z-axis astigmatism activated. (B) Frame index capture of the CD81+ EV shown in A. (C) Z-depth information of the CD81+ EV in A. (D) X-axis size histogram of EV with events plotted from the modal centre. (E) Y-axis size histogram of EV with events plotted from the modal centre. (F) Z-axis size histogram of EV with events plotted from the modal centre. (G) X and Y-axis scatter plot of photoswitching events of an EV. (H) Same as G, but for the X-Z axis. (I) Same as G, but for the Y-Z axis

圖6.單個(gè)EV的三維重建

(A) Outline of the geometric foundation, with “slide” indicating the focal plane at z = -max. The filled red circle and red radius depict how a 2D image would look like. Above, the red sphere indicates the ideal EV, and the orange ellipsoid indicates the actual data. The red arrow r = sqrt (x2 + y2) depicts the radius at the equator, whereas “Norm” indicates the point vector from the centre to any point on the ellipsoid surface.Norm = sqrt (x2 + y2 +z ), which at z = 0 equals r. (B) 3-D representation of the data before transformation and (C) after transformation. (D) Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of an EV using 12 nm Z-axis binning of photoswitching events, showing hollowed core. (E) Same as D, but for a bin at one Z-axis increment shift. (F) Same as E, but for a bin at one Z-axis increment shift

圖7.單個(gè)EV表面的四次跨膜蛋白簇

(A) Three-colour dSTORM was performed on total EVs using emissions from CM Red,CD81-mCherry, and anti-CD9 Alexafluor-488. Four representative images are shown: scale = 100 nm. (B) Clustering of photoswitching events of total EVs that were positive for CMRed and CD81-mCherry. X- and Y-axis show events collected post-super-resolution filtration in log scale. The max radius between modal centroids allowed was 150 nm (C) Same as B, but for co-localizing events for CM Red and CD9. (D) Same as B, but for co-localizing events for CD81-mCherry and CD9. (E) The total number of EVs per exposure was quantified using the non-specific membrane-intercalating dye CM Red and co-localizing frequencies were determined for CD81, CD9, or both. (F) The distance between modal centroids was determined between CM Red and CD81, and set to 1 radial measurement, R (dotted line). This was then compared to the distance between the centre of an EV and CD9, as well as between CD81 and CD9. For all experiments, three independent exposures were taken with > 900 individual EVs identified through CM Red clusters

圖8.Cryo-EM顯示EV表面有富含蛋白質(zhì)的簇

(A–D) Representative images of EVs viewed under Cryo-EM. Surface nanodomains are shown with an orange arrow, highlighting the protein and/or lipid-dense regions of an individual EV. Empty regions are shown with white arrows. (E) Size analysis of EVs viewed through Cryo-EM. EVs were measured in diameter in nanometers based on their lipid bilayer and do not include protruding proteins from the surface

在多個(gè)軸向(Z)深度處收集光開關(guān)事件(圖5A- C)。3D dSTORM與傳統(tǒng)顯微鏡一樣，沿z軸的分辨率小于沿XY軸的分辨率(圖5D-F )，使用dSTORM在三維和多色通道中完成對(duì)單EV重建，這種直接可視化可用于確定 EV 表面上結(jié)構(gòu)域和蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合物的存在，如圖6所示。

為了進(jìn)一步提供局部結(jié)構(gòu)域的證據(jù)，對(duì)單個(gè)EV表面的兩種不同的四次跨膜蛋白進(jìn)行了3D成像，CMRed和CD 81- mCh erry 陽(yáng)性的EV被鑒定為雙陽(yáng)性(圖7B)。CD9也與CM Red 共定位，但出現(xiàn)在較少的EV上(圖7C)。最后，僅對(duì) CM Red 陽(yáng)性的信號(hào)繪制兩種四次跨膜蛋白的EV信號(hào)(圖7D)。該方法鑒定了僅攜帶CD81的EV、僅攜帶CD9的EV和同時(shí)攜帶CD81和CD9的EV。異位過表達(dá)的CD81- mCherry在總EV中的定位水平(25.26 %±2.58 )高于CD9(17 .23 %± 3.94 )(圖7E)。

冷凍電鏡(Cryo-EM)可以獲得分子結(jié)構(gòu)的埃級(jí)（Å）細(xì)節(jié)，尤其是對(duì)于病毒這樣較大的生物實(shí)體：EV平均直徑為 60.3±10.5 nm (mean±sd, 95 % CI = 51.75 - 68.93,n=9個(gè)獨(dú)立圖像/每組，3組生物學(xué)重復(fù)）(圖 8E)，大小符合預(yù)期。根據(jù)EV的方向和截面，在單個(gè)EV上可以看到多個(gè)域(圖 8A-D )。黃色箭頭表示蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)密集區(qū)域，白色箭頭表示沒有蛋白質(zhì)或脂質(zhì)密集斑塊的區(qū)域。冷凍電鏡(Cryo-EM)結(jié)果與3-D dSTORM結(jié)果一致，證明了EV表面存在不同的微結(jié)構(gòu)域。

結(jié)果討論
作為 3d dSTORM在EV上的應(yīng)用，本研究旨在揭示和記錄EV的結(jié)構(gòu)異質(zhì)性，并研究EV 膜微區(qū)。結(jié)構(gòu)表面組織和組成復(fù)雜性是EV和人工脂質(zhì)體之間的關(guān)鍵區(qū)別，人工脂質(zhì)體只包含有限數(shù)量的不同脂質(zhì)，不含蛋白質(zhì)。通過dSTORM可以識(shí)別單個(gè)和不同尺寸EV表面的四跨膜蛋白。這點(diǎn)得到了Cryo-EM的驗(yàn)證。總之，我們的研究表明，EV包含以前未被識(shí)別的表面結(jié)構(gòu)和空間組織。對(duì)EV表面組裝的進(jìn)一步研究可能會(huì)對(duì)其細(xì)胞內(nèi)組裝、特定包裝和組織特異性目的地產(chǎn)生新的見解。

dSTORM Training Kit

近日，Oxford Nanoimaging新開發(fā)的dSTORM Training Kit已發(fā)布。使用此試劑盒，您不僅可以體驗(yàn)簡(jiǎn)潔方便的超分辨顯微成像工作流程，還可以學(xué)習(xí)單分子定位顯微鏡的基本原理：

了解dSTORM成像的樣品制備
用合適的試劑為dSTORM制備樣品
了解dSTORM成像的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
在Nanoimager上獲取dSTORM數(shù)據(jù)
在試驗(yàn)自己的樣品前獲取自信
分析CODI上的dSTORM數(shù)據(jù)

如果您想更多了解，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們。

索取資料

來(lái)源：上海典奧生物科技有限公司
聯(lián)系電話：021-58605185-815
E-mail：marketing@tekon.com.cn

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dSTORM超分辨技術(shù)在揭秘單個(gè)EV真面目的應(yīng)用