溶瘤病毒
DNA病毒
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RNA病毒
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臨床試驗(yàn)病毒使用概況
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使用最多的是腺病毒(Adenoviruses),其次為單純皰疹病毒HSV-1(唯一獲批的溶瘤病毒產(chǎn)品,Amgen T-VEC使用此病毒),呼腸孤病毒(Reoviruses)和痘類(lèi)病毒(Poxviruses:)分列3,4位,其余使用較少。
溶瘤病毒抗腫瘤免疫機(jī)制
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溶瘤病毒基因工程
1. 腫瘤抗原
溶瘤病毒在腫瘤局部裂解腫瘤釋放TAAs和TANs,和腫瘤疫苗類(lèi)似,但是可能不足以誘導(dǎo)腫瘤特異性T細(xì)胞應(yīng)答?梢酝ㄟ^(guò)將TAAs基因整合在病毒基因組,表達(dá)更多的TAAs,以增強(qiáng)特異性的T細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答。
已開(kāi)展的臨床研究
NCT02285816(MG1Maraba/MAGE-A3, With and Without Adenovirus Vaccine With Transgenic MAGE-A3Insertion in Incurable MAGE-A3-Expressing Solid Tumours,Canadian Cancer Trials Group/Ottawa Hospital Research Institute)
使用MG1 Maraba溶瘤病毒,工程表達(dá) MAGE-A3,治療MAGE-A3表達(dá)的實(shí)體瘤。
NCT02879760(OncolyticMG1-MAGEA3 With Ad-MAGEA3 Vaccine in Combination With Pembrolizumab forNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients,TurnstoneBiologics, Corp)使用MG1-MAGEA3聯(lián)用K藥治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌
2. 免疫刺激細(xì)胞因子
臨床策略
1. 癌腫選擇
2. 臨床方案
溶瘤病毒聯(lián)用DC疫苗
溶瘤病毒可以改善腫瘤微環(huán)境抑制性的環(huán)境,并且招募免疫細(xì)胞,再加入DC疫苗激活T細(xì)胞,則可以極大增強(qiáng)T細(xì)胞功能。
NCT03747744,Intratumoral Injection of Autologous CD1c (BDCA-1)+ MyeloidDendritic Cells Plus Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) (myDCTV),Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel,Phase1
NCT03514836,A Phase I/II, Safety Clinical Trial of DCVAC/PCa and ONCOS-102 inMen With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer,Sotio a.s. Phase1/2
3. 用藥路徑
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一半選擇瘤內(nèi)注射的方法,避開(kāi)腫瘤屏障的阻礙及機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的清除作用。約三分之一選擇了靜脈注射的方法。其他方法使用較少。臨床結(jié)果也顯示,瘤內(nèi)注射臨床響應(yīng)率最高。
4. 安全性
安全性多為1-2級(jí)的低級(jí)別副作用,3-4級(jí)的副作用少見(jiàn)。
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5. 針對(duì)溶瘤病毒的體液和細(xì)胞免疫
針對(duì)溶瘤病毒的免疫應(yīng)答,從正面講激活了免疫系統(tǒng),但如果是中和抗體,則會(huì)阻斷溶瘤病毒感染,療效降低或無(wú)效。
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6. 抗腫瘤活性
總體而言,入組的病人都不是很多。
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7. 國(guó)內(nèi)臨床概況
部分在臨床階段的產(chǎn)品如下表
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主要參考文獻(xiàn)
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Sun L,et al: Talimogene laherparepveccombined with anti-PD-1 based immunotherapy for unresectable stage III-IVmelanoma: a case series. J Immunother Cancer 2018, 6:36.
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Luke Russell,Oncolytic Viruses: Priming Time for Cancer Immunotherapy,BioDrugs https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-019-00367-0
Erkko Ylo¨ sma¨ ki and Vincenzo Cerullo,Design and application of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy,Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2020, 65:25–36
Howard L. Kaufman et al,Oncolytic viruses: a new class of immunotherapy drugs,Nat Rev Drug Discov . 2015 Sep;14(9):642-62.
Nicholas Macedo et al,Clinical landscape of oncolytic virus research in 2020,J Immunother Cancer . 2020 Oct;8(2):e001486.