藥品儲運過程中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)溫度超標(biāo)的情況,基于用藥安全和藥品穩(wěn)定有效等方面考慮,藥品儲運過程中的溫度控制和運輸驗證尤為重要。本文匯總了中國、歐盟、美國對藥品儲運過程中溫度超標(biāo)相關(guān)的問題的態(tài)度,供大家參考。
中國GMP:
問題:對于30℃以下儲存的產(chǎn)品(成品),在夏天運輸過程會超過30℃,像此類藥品還需對運輸條件確認(rèn)嗎?另外對運輸條件的確認(rèn)以什么方式體現(xiàn)合適?
答:需要。對運輸條件進行評估。
點評:對運輸條件進行評估是通過運輸驗證來實現(xiàn)的?簡單地說,就是按正常的運輸、包裝條件下,用溫、濕度記錄儀等儀器證實整個運輸過程的條件滿足產(chǎn)品的要求。對于出現(xiàn)的短時間的背離可以通過長期、加速穩(wěn)定性數(shù)據(jù)予以評估。
問題:2~8℃保存的產(chǎn)品,如企業(yè)有加速實驗數(shù)據(jù),短期常溫運輸對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量無影響,可以不用冷鏈嗎?
答:不可以。必須在冷鏈條件下運輸,
點評:冷鏈條件運輸時出現(xiàn)的短時間背離按偏差處理?捎眉铀賹嶒灁(shù)據(jù)評估,但不允許直接用常溫運輸條件運輸。
問題:運輸條件是否與貯存條件一致?
答:運輸條件應(yīng)當(dāng)滿足儲存條件。
點評:運輸條件應(yīng)滿足儲存條件,如果在運輸途中出現(xiàn)了偏離,可以依據(jù)相應(yīng)的穩(wěn)定性數(shù)據(jù)進行評估,確定偏離對產(chǎn)品的影響。
問題165:產(chǎn)品規(guī)定儲存條件為陰涼處,在運輸過程中是否必須采取措施將運輸溫度控制在20℃以下?
答:在不影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的情況下,運輸過程中的溫度可以在20℃以上,需要有相應(yīng)的穩(wěn)定性數(shù)據(jù)作為支持,必須采取必要的控制措施。
點評:運輸過程中的溫度是否可以在20℃以上,溫度可以偏離多長時間,最大可偏離的溫度上限,這些都需要有相應(yīng)的穩(wěn)定性數(shù)據(jù)作為支持。同時可以通過運輸驗證證實在最惡劣條件下產(chǎn)品可能經(jīng)受的最大溫度變化和時間長短,結(jié)合穩(wěn)定性數(shù)據(jù)做合理的判斷。
問題:疫苗的運輸條件如何監(jiān)控?
答:疫苗產(chǎn)品的冷鏈運輸,應(yīng)該配備全過程連續(xù)溫度記錄裝置,由接收方在驗收產(chǎn)品時對運輸過程的溫度記錄結(jié)果進行確認(rèn)。
點評:依據(jù)《中國藥典》三部的要求,生物制品貯存溫度通常為2~8℃,運輸過程需注意快速、冷鏈、防凍結(jié),因此疫苗產(chǎn)品的運輸應(yīng)采用適當(dāng)?shù)谋兀ɑ蚩販兀┐胧,且需?jīng)過最差條件驗證,并建議對運輸過程配備連續(xù)溫度記錄裝置,記載每一發(fā)運單位的溫度變化情況,由接收方在驗收產(chǎn)品時對運輸過程的溫度記錄結(jié)果進行確認(rèn),發(fā)運單位也應(yīng)對此結(jié)果定期進行評估。
問題:請問在《確認(rèn)與驗證》附錄中關(guān)于運輸確認(rèn)的要求中第一條即第三十四條指出:“對運輸有特殊要求的物料和產(chǎn)品,其運輸條件應(yīng)當(dāng)符合相應(yīng)的批準(zhǔn)文件、質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的規(guī)定或企業(yè)(或供應(yīng)商)的要求”是否可以理解為對于運輸有特殊要求的物料和產(chǎn)品才需要進行運輸確認(rèn)?要求陰涼條件存儲的物料或產(chǎn)品是否屬于特殊要求?
答:你好,一般產(chǎn)品也應(yīng)進行運輸確認(rèn),但有特殊要求的物料和產(chǎn)品應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照附錄“確認(rèn)與驗證”第七章的要求進行。
問題:尊敬的老師您好!想咨詢您關(guān)于冷鏈運輸(2~8℃)過程溫度記錄的相關(guān)問題:
1)冷鏈運輸過程中如果出現(xiàn)溫度超出范圍,企業(yè)會根據(jù)產(chǎn)品特性及穩(wěn)定性研究對超出范圍的情況進行評估以支持產(chǎn)品處置(接受或拒絕)。目前了解到行業(yè)廣泛采用這種方式。
2)根據(jù)2015版中國藥典和GB/T8170-2008數(shù)值修約規(guī)則與極限數(shù)值的標(biāo)識和判定,當(dāng)冷鏈運輸溫度處于1.5-8.5度之間(運輸過程溫度記錄儀通常到小數(shù)點后一位)均符合(2~8℃)要求。
想請教老師您對于上述兩個問題的解讀,謝謝!
答:你好。關(guān)于第一個問題你的理解是對的,當(dāng)有超出情況時,應(yīng)根據(jù)產(chǎn)品特性及穩(wěn)定性研究數(shù)據(jù)對其進行評估。
第二個問題,在GMP管理中,產(chǎn)品的儲存條件和運輸條件首先應(yīng)適用于產(chǎn)品特性,而不是一概而論,如果你的產(chǎn)品對溫度要求嚴(yán)格,你可以在2-8℃之內(nèi)定出超趨勢報警,如3-7℃報警。你如果要將溫度放在1.5-8.5度之間,那么你的穩(wěn)定性試驗條件也應(yīng)與此相適應(yīng)?傊,我們的管理條件要有數(shù)據(jù)的支持。
歐盟GDP:
文獻(xiàn)1:
“The application of MeanKinetic Temperature (MKT) to temperature monitoring of wholesale products isonly appropriate where an acceptable MKT value is provided by the MA holder fora specific product, and the recording of temperature can be confirmed to beconsistent and complete from the moment of leaving the manufacturer’s premises.In practice the application of MKT fails where a complete chain of temperaturerecording cannot be allocated to a specific consignment of a product. Attemptsto apply MKT have been proposed by wholesalers as an alternative to havingadequate temperature control within their warehouses as well as attempting todowngrade the impact of temperature excursions. The use of MKT in the wholesaleenvironment without robust supporting information and methodology is thereforediscouraged”.
“只有在上市許可證持有人對特定產(chǎn)品提供了可接受的平均動力學(xué)溫度值(MKT),且自產(chǎn)品離開生產(chǎn)商廠房后溫度記錄與實際相符且完整,才可以使用MKT對批發(fā)產(chǎn)品進行溫度監(jiān)控。事實上,如果一個產(chǎn)品沒有相應(yīng)的完整溫度記錄,是不能使用MKT的。批發(fā)商建議嘗試使用MKT,把MKT作為對倉庫溫度進出充分控制的一種選擇,同時也作為嘗試降低溫度劇增所造成的影響的一個途徑。如果沒有有力的支持信息和方法,批發(fā)商是不允許使用MKT的。
——MHRA博客:冷藏藥品的良好分銷規(guī)范(GDP)
Refrigeratedmedicinal products, part 2: Transportation, packing, temperature management,the use of third party couriers and returns – some things to consider
有關(guān)冷藏藥品的第二部分:運輸、包裝、溫度控制、第三方運輸?shù)氖褂靡约巴素涍^程中的注意事項
文獻(xiàn)2:
Question:concerning chapter 9 – transportation, 9.2.(1), can we deviate from storageconditions if the manufacturer agrees to the transportation of the productwithin a certain temperature range (2°-25°c) for a limited time frame of 6hours?
Answer: No.Storage temperature limits as described by the manufacturer or on the outerpackaging need to be respected for each stage of transport during the wholetransport chain.
問題:關(guān)于第9章---運輸中,9.2.(1),如果生產(chǎn)商允許產(chǎn)品在一定6小時內(nèi),在一定溫度范圍內(nèi)(2°-25°C)運輸,我們的存貯條件是否可以允許偏差?
答:不允許。在整個運輸鏈中各運輸環(huán)節(jié)均需要遵守生產(chǎn)商所描述的,或外包裝上描述的存貯溫度限度。
——GOOD DISTRIBUTION PRACTICE FOR MEDICINALPRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE
QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
VERSION 1.0
人用藥GDP問答版本號1.0
文獻(xiàn)3:
The EU Good Distribution Practice (GDP) Guidelines (2013/C 343/01) revisedin 2013 reflect the requirements and expectations of the authorities during thetransport and distribution of medicinal products in a very detailed way.Nevertheless, there are still questions and insecurities.
2013年修訂后的歐盟GDP指南(2013/C343/01)以非常詳細(xì)的方式反映了官方對于藥品運輸和銷售的期望和要求。不過,還是有一些問題不太清楚。
Especiallyquestions on temperature control during transport are recurring. This questionis examined in detail in a corresponding questions and answers paper of the German ZLG (Zentralstelleder L?nder für Gesundheitsschutz bei Arzneimitteln und Medizinprodukten/Central Authority of the German Federal L?nder for Health Protection RegardingMedicinal Products and Medical Devices) (in German language).
特別是關(guān)于運輸途中的溫度問題再次被提出。這個問題在“德國ZLG問答”中有了一些詳細(xì)的解答,不過是德文的。(據(jù)德國同事介紹,ZLG是德國藥品和醫(yī)療器械負(fù)責(zé)審批類的機構(gòu))
Here, it isstated that a temperature control is not required for each transport:
其中說明了并不是每一次運輸中都要求對溫度進行控制:
"If noconstant monitoring of temperature is carried out during the transport ofmedicinal products a risk assessmentmust be made of thetransportation routes. This includes especially the travel duration includingspecial aspects of the route, the time of year and day, including the weatherforecast, the vehicles used and their equipment. The results of this riskassessment have to be part of the transportation planning."
“如果在藥品運輸中沒有實施持續(xù)的溫度監(jiān)控,則必須對運輸路線進行風(fēng)險評估。評估特別要包括運輸時間,包括路線的特殊問題,季節(jié)和天數(shù),包括天氣預(yù)報,所用的貨車及其裝備。該風(fēng)險評估的結(jié)果必須成為運輸計劃的一部分。”
But at the sametime this means that monitoring has to be done if no risk assessment wascarried out or if the risk assessment led to the result that a temperaturecontrol is necessary.
但同時,這也表示如果沒有進行風(fēng)險評估,那就必須進行監(jiān)控,或者如果風(fēng)險評估結(jié)論是需要對溫度進行控制,那也必須進行監(jiān)控。
According to theZLG document a lot of things have to be considered when carrying out the riskassessment:
根據(jù)ZLG文件,在進行風(fēng)險評估時必須要考慮很多問題:
· The mean kinetic temperature (MKT) cannot be used. The reason is that it does not takeinto consideration effects "that may lead to irreversible quality defectseven when certain temperature limits that are established during stabilitystudies in connection with the marketing authorisation are exceeded only for ashort time. And it does not take into consideration the possible formation offissures in the glass of ampoules and injection bottles at temperatures aroundthe freezing point. Furthermore, calculation of the MKT requires that the temperatureprofiles of all transports are known that have been carried out previously. Butusually this data is not available ...."
· 不能使用平均動力學(xué)溫度(MKT)。理由是它沒有考慮到影響“可能會引起不可逆的質(zhì)量缺陷,即使在穩(wěn)定性研究期間已建立了與上市許可相關(guān)聯(lián)的特定溫度限度只是超出了很短的時間。它沒有考慮在冷凍點上下的溫度可能會使得安瓿和注射用瓶的玻璃產(chǎn)生龜裂。另外,MKT計算需要知道之前已實施的所有運輸過程中的溫度概況。但通常這些數(shù)據(jù)是無法獲得的……”
· In order to assess deviations "appropriateprocedures" must be established.
· 為了評估偏差,必須建立“適當(dāng)?shù)某绦?/span>”
· Storage conditions must generally be respected alsoduring transportation. "Only in cases that according to the packagingor the confirmed written information given by the manufacturer, thepharmaceutical entrepreneur or the marketing authorisation holder. a transportwithin the aforementioned temperature range will not reduce the quality"this temperature range can be handled more generously. It has been demonstratedfor example "in connection with the marketing authorisation of medicinalproducts on the labelling of which only storage between +2 and +8 °C isindicated that they remain sufficiently stable even if the temperature rises upto +25 °C for a short time."
在運輸過程中必須遵守存貯條件。“只有當(dāng)根據(jù)生產(chǎn)商、藥品企業(yè)或上市許可持有人提供的包裝或確認(rèn)的書面信息,在上述溫度范圍內(nèi)的運輸將不會降低質(zhì)量”,這樣的溫度范圍才可能更靈活。例如,已證明“與藥品上市許可相關(guān)的標(biāo)簽說明只能存貯在+2到+8 °C,即使溫度在短時間內(nèi)高至 +25°C其質(zhì)量仍保持足夠穩(wěn)定。”
——GMPNews
22/04/2015
GDP:Is Temperature Control required for each Transport?
GDP:是不是每次運輸均需要對溫度進行控制?
美國USP:
10.30.40. ControlledCold Temperature
受控的冷藏溫度
“Controlled cold temperature” is defined astemperature maintained thermostatically between 2° and 8° (36° and 46° F), thatallows for excursions in temperature between 0° and 15° (32° and 59° F) thatmay be experienced during storage, shipping, and distribution such that theallowable calculated mean kinetic temperature(MKT) is not more than 8°(46° F). Transient spikes up to 25° (77° F) may bepermitted if the manufacturer so instructs and provided that such spikes do notexceed 24 hours unless support
溫度保持在2°和8°(36°和46℉)之間。在儲存、運輸、分銷過程中,允許溫度在0°至15°(32°和59℉)之間波動,但平均動力學(xué)溫度(MKT)不超過8°(46℉)。片刻最高溫度允許達(dá)到25°(77℉),超過溫度的最長時間不得過24小時,除非穩(wěn)定性數(shù)據(jù)或是其他廠商的說明支持。
10.30.60.Controlled Room Temperature
受控的室溫
“Controlled room temperature” indicates atemperature maintained thermostatically that encompasses the usual and customaryworking environment of 20° to 25° (68° to 77°F); that results in a mean kinetictemperature(MKT) calculated to be not more than 25°; and that allows forexcursions between 15° and 30° (59° and 86°F) that are experienced inpharmacies, hospitals, and warehouses. Provided the mean kinetic temperatureremains in the allowed range, transient spikes up to 40° are permitted as longas they do not exceed 24 hours.
Spikes above 40°may be permitted if the manufacturer so instructs. Articles may be labeled for storageat “controlled room temperature” or at “up to 25°”, or other wording based onthe same mean kinetic temperature. The mean kinetic temperature is a calculatedvalue that may be used as an isothermal storage temperature that simulates thenonisothermal effects of storage temperature variations. (See alsoPharmaceutical Stability 〈1150〉.)
受控的室溫指通常維持在20℃~25℃(68℉~77℉)恒定溫度,其MKT值不應(yīng)超過25℃,并且根據(jù)經(jīng)驗,允許在藥房、醫(yī)院和倉庫偏移至15℃~30℃(59℉~86℉)。維持MKT在規(guī)定的范圍,即使短暫的達(dá)到40℃并且不超過24小時也是允許的。如果超過40℃則需要制造商另外說明。說明書中可以注明儲存在受控的室溫或最高25℃或其他基于同樣MKT值的溫度。平均動力學(xué)溫度(MKT)指用一個等溫儲存溫度計算值來模擬各種不同的儲存溫度的影響。
An article forwhich storage at controlled room temperature is directed may, alternatively, bestored and distributed in a cool place, unless otherwise specified in theindividual monograph or on the label.
如果說明書規(guī)定了在受控的室溫下儲存,那么同樣也可以在陰涼條件下(cool,8℃~15℃)儲存和運輸,除非在USP各論或產(chǎn)品標(biāo)簽上有單獨的特殊規(guī)定。
10.30.30. Cool
陰涼
Any temperature between8° and 15° (46° and 59°F) is“cool.” An article for which storage in a coolplace is directed may, alternatively, be stored and distributed in arefrigerator,unless otherwise specified by the individual monograph.
陰涼溫度是指8℃~15℃之間(46℉~59℉)。如果說明書中規(guī)定了在陰涼條件下儲存,那么同樣也可以在冷藏條件下儲存和運輸,除非在USP各論中有單獨的特殊規(guī)定。
——USP GENERAL NOTICES AND REQUIREMENTS凡例
綜上,對各國對藥品儲運過程中溫度超標(biāo)的態(tài)度如下:
國家 |
溫度偏差 |
中國 |
1、可以通過長期、加速穩(wěn)定性數(shù)據(jù)評估溫度偏差 2、不允許以加速試驗數(shù)據(jù)評估結(jié)果為依據(jù)直接放寬儲運條件 3、運輸驗證(考慮最差條件) |
歐盟 |
1、使用MKT評估溫度偏差需要有足夠信息支持 2、并不是每一次運輸中都要求對溫度進行監(jiān)控,但要進行風(fēng)險評估 3、如果沒有風(fēng)險評估,那就必須進行溫度監(jiān)控 不能使用MKT作為降低風(fēng)險的措施 |
美國 |
1、允許計算MKT來評價儲運條件是否符合(藥典特別規(guī)定的品種除外) 2、允許低溫(指低于規(guī)定儲存溫度)儲運。 |